EN
I tētahi pukapuka takotoria, kōrero ana mātou mō ngā pūnaha pūpoi hyaurikī me tō rātou kaupapa herehere. He poto nei, ko tētahi pūnaha hyaurikī he aratohu pūkaha e tuku ana i te nui mā te waiwai hei tikanga. Huri ana i te nui mekanikē o tētahi motuka hiko ki te nui wai, ka tuku ki ngā wāhanga kaimahi mā te wai. Ko ngā wāhanga matua o tētahi pūnaha hyaurikī ko ngā pūpoi hyaurikī, ngā wāhanga kaimahi (ngā motuka hyaurikī), ngā paru, me ngā tūpua o te hinu.
Ka whai te tuhinga nei ki ngā pūmpa hīoraupia me ngā motuka hīoraupia, ka whaiwāhi hoki ki te whakaatu i tā rātou mahi tahi i roto i tētahi pūnaha hīoraupia. Ka timata mātou ki te pūmpa hīoraupia.
Whakarāpopototanga o ngā Motuka Hīoraupia
Ko ngā motuka hīoraupia e waru ana i ngā rōpū matua e rua:
Ngā Motuka Hīoraupia Tere-Iti Kaha-Teitei (LSHT)
Ngā Motuka Hīoraupia Tere-Teitei Kaha-Iti (HSLT)
Ko te whiriwhiri i tētahi motuka hīoraupia tere-itī e āwhina ana i te pūnaha kia tuku kaha-teitei ake ki ngā tere iti ake. I roto i ēnei rōpū e rua, ka wehe ake anō hoki rātou mā te hanganga ki ngā motuka karu, ngā motuka paraihe, me ngā motuka pihini. Ka wehea ake anō ngā motuka pihini ki ngā motuka pihini tere-tapawhā me ngā motuka pihini tere-pūtahi.
Whakarāpopototanga o ngā Pūmpa Hīoraupia
Ko ngā momo pūmpa hīoraupia e mōhiotia ana ko:
1. Mā te mōhio ki te mātai tukanga:
Ngā pūmpa panoniahia — Ka taea te whakarerekē i te rere o waho e hiahiatia ana
Ngā pūmpa wāhi kūpapa — Ko te rere o waho he rite tonu
2. Mā te hanganga: Ngā pūmpa karu, ngā pūmpa paerangi, ngā pūmpa pīsiona
Ngā pūmpa karu: Iti te rahi, simple te hanganga, iti noa ngā here ki te mauroa o te hinu, me te utu iti; engari, he nui te pānga o ngā kaha e kore e taurite ana ki te totohu pūmpa, he nui te wearenga, me te nui te rere o waho.
Ngā pūmpa paerangi: Ka wehe kia ā-ipurangi kotahi, ā-ipurangi rua rānei. He ōrite te rere, māmā te mahi, iti te ru, me te pēhi ake me te uara aunoa ake i ngā pūmpa karu, engari he tauwaru ake te hanganga i ngā pūmpa karu.
Ngā pūmpa pīsiona: He nui te uara aunoa, iti te rere, ā, ka taea te mahi i raro i te pēhi tikangia, nō reira e tino pai ana mō ngā pūnaha hyoraureka matatau. Engari, he tauwaru te hanganga, he tikanga mataara ngā here ki ngā matapae me te pono o te mahi, he nui te utu, ā, he tikina hoki ngā here ki te mauroa o te hinu.
Te Waihanga o ngā Pūmpa Hyoraureka
Ko ngā pūmpa hīoraia i te whānuitia e toru ngā wāhanga matua: ngā hononga, ngā tōpere hinu hīoraia, me ngā kaukau.
Ngā hononga
E kore e taea e te raukaha taraiwa o tētahi pūmpa hīoraia te tautoko i ngā kaha tāwhaiarangi, nō reira kāore e taea te whakauru i ngā pūru, karaihe, i te sproket ki te mutunga o te raukaha. Ko te tikanga, ko te raukaha taraiwa e hono ana ki te raukaha taraiwa o te pūmpa trū tētahi hononga.
Mēnā, no ngā take hanganga, ka nui ake te tōpene o te pūmpa me te hononga i te paerewa, ā, he whākaro kei te whakauru, ā, e piki haere ana te tere o te pūmpa, ka piki haere te kaha putangatahi, e māmā ai pea te āhua o te hononga. Ka piki ake tēnei āhua i te kaha putangatahi, e waiho ana he porokawa, ā, ka pā ki te pakanga me te raru, e hāngai ana ki te ora o te pūmpa. Anō hoki, ngā take pērā i ngā karu honohono e pakaru ana, ngā porowhita karapoti e wareware ana i te whakakapi i te wā, ka pā anō ki te mahi o te pūmpa.
Wāhi hiko rauora
Ko ngā mātai matua o te tōpahi hinu hiropi i tētahi pūnaha hiropi ko te penapena i te hinu, te wehe i te wera, te wehe i te hau e paingia ana i te hinu, me te whakakore i te aho.
Ina tīmata ana te whiriwhiri i tētahi pātaka hinu, ko te tuatahi he āhua: mō ngā taputapu noho haere, e 2-3 ngā wā te rere nui o te pūmpu, ā, mō ngā taputapu noho paku, e 3-4 ngā wā. Tuarua, me whai whakaaro ki te taumata hinu o te pātaka hinu: ina taraweti ana ngā silihini hiko katoa o te pūnaha, kāore e tika ana kia heke ake i te taumata iti rawa te taumata hinu i roto i te pātaka hinu; ina tōtō ngā silihini, kāore e tika ana kia piki ake i te taumata nui rawa te taumata hinu. Whakamutunga, me whai whakaaro ki te hanganga o te pātaka hinu: kāore ngā paretāpeta e taea ana te whakaputa i ngā parae i ngā pātaka hinu tuku iho, nō reira me whakauru tētahi paretāpeta tuarangi ki te aronga roto o te pātaka hinu. Me whai wāwāhi ana i waenganui i tēnei paretāpeta me te papatara kaukau o te pātaka hinu, ka taea ai e ngā wāhi e rua tāpuhi i ngā taha o te paretāpeta te hono atu. Ko ngā takotoranga wāwāhi me ngā takotoranga hoki o te pūmpu hiko e tīmata ana i te mutunga o te paretāpeta e kore nei e hono, ka pātata pea te tawhiti i waenganui i te wāwāhi me te hoki mai o te hinu. I te wā anō, ka taea hoki e te pātaka hinu te tuku whakarewa i te wera.
Kōpae hinu
Heoi anō, ko ngā kirihou e iti ake ana i te 10 μ m kaumātua kāore he whakapāpātanga nui ki te pampi, engari inā he nui ake i te 10 μ m, āhuatia inā he nui ake i te 40 μ m, ka whakapāpātia te ora ratonga o te pampi. Ko ngā kirihou taupū i roto i te hinu mātātoko he tino pāpātia ai te wear i ngā mata e nui ake ana i roto i te pampi. Nō reira me whakauru tētahi kōpae hinu kia mōhiotia ai te rereketanga o te hinu. Ko te kounga kōpae e tūtohua ana: 10~15 μ m mō ngā pampi pūtōrino, 25 μ m mō ngā pampi parirau, me 40 μ m mō ngā pampi tarau. Ka taea te roa ake i te ora ratonga o ngā pampi mātātoko mā te whakamahi i ngā kōpae hinu tikangia.
Te Tīmatanga o ngā Mōhini Mātātoko
Ko te mōhini mātātoko he wāhanga e huri ana i te nui o te awangawanga o te wai ki te nui mekameka, e whai torque me te nekenga rotary, ā, he takotoranga nui kei roto i ngā pūnaha mātātoko.
Ko ngā mōhini mātātoko e waru nei i ngā momo e rua: torque itewa me torque teitei. I ngā tau kua pāhua, me te whanaketanga haere tonu o ngā hangarau mātātoko ki te teitei ake me te nui ake, ā, me te nuinga ake o te whai whakaaro ki te taiao, kua herea ngā kaiwhakahaere mātātoko ki ngā āhuatanga pērā i te itewa whakamātau, itewa whakaputanga, me te nekenga māmā. Nō reira, kua noho ko ngā mōhini torque teitei tētahi o ngā rerekētanga whanaketanga.
I te tirohanga o te huri i te nui, ko ngā pūpahi hyerauhiko me ngā mōhiro hyerauhiko he pou takotoranga: mā te whakauru i te karaihe mahi ki tētahi pūpahi hyerauhiko, ka taea te huri i tēnā ki te takotoranga mahi mōhiro hyerauhiko; ki te heke pea, inā ka hurihia te pū o te mōhiro hyerauhiko e tētahi torque waho, tērā pea ka hurihia ki te takotoranga pūpahi hyerauhiko. I te mea he tā rātou tūtohu e hiahi ana i ngā wāhi e mōhiotia ana: he rāwekenga e mōhiotia ana me te rāwekenga e hurihia ana i te rāwekenga me te rāwekenga e mōhiotia ana i te rāwekenga mō te hinu.
Te Tūāpapa o ngā Pūpahi Hyerauhiko i ngā Pūnaha Hyerauhiko
Mā te whakamāori i te kupu, ko te pūpahi hyerauhiko he taputapu e huri ana i te nui mekarehiko ki te nui hyerauhiko. Ko ngā pūnaha whakawhitinga nui hyerauhiko e whakamahi ana i ngā moma rereke o ngā pūpahi hyerauhiko hei whakawhitinga i ngā utu me te tiki i te nui.
Hei tauira, kei roto i ngā puna hiko me ngā pūnaha hiko pērā i ngā kākahu tāwhai, ko te pūmua hiko e whai tikanga ana mō te tukatuka i te toki e hiahiatia ana kia tū ake ngā waka, i ngā taonga taumaha rānei. Ko te nuinga o ngā taputapu herehere taumaha e whakauru ana i ngā pūmua hiko, ā, he wāhanga matua enei o ngā pūnaha hiko.
Ahakoa ngā taputapu nui, kei te wātea anō ētahi iti ake ngā pūmua hiko e whakamahia ana hei whakahaere i ngā taputapu hiko maha, pērā i ngā taputapu tāpiri, ngā pihini, ngā tarau hiko, me etahi atu. E horo ana ēnei taputapu katoa ki ngā pūmua hiko kia mahi ai tika.
Ngā Rerekētanga I Waenganui I Ngā Pūmua Hiko Me Ngā Pūmua Tūmatanui
Ko te rerekētanga nui rawa i waenganui i ngā pūmua hiko me ngā pūmua tūmatanui ko te ara e mahi ana. Ko ngā pūmua tūmatanui e pupuri ana i te rere ōrite o te wai, ā, ko te tere rere o ngā pūmua hiko e pātata ana ki te toki uta.
Anō he rerekē hoki ō rātou mahi: me whakatika ngā pūmpa hīora ki te tōkiri e āwhina ana e te puna, i te wā e noho ana ngā pūmpa noa ko te kawe tonu, ko te porotiti hoki i te wai.
Te Mahi o te Mōhini Hīora
Ko te mōhini hīora he wāhi tuarangi e mōhiotia ana hoki hei kaiwhakaha rotary. Ko tana mahi matua he huri i te nergi hīora ki te nergi hinonga hei taraiwa i te uta kia neke.
Ka whakarārangitia te nergi putanga o te mōhini hīora e te hekenga tōkiri me te aronga o te hinu hīora. Arā, ko te nergi putanga o te mōhini hīora he taurite tika ki tana tere rotary.
Te Kaupapa Mahi Tōaitanga a ngā Pūmpa Hīora me ngā Mōhini Hīora
I muri i te mārama ki ngā mahi o ngā pūmpa hīora me ngā mōhini hīora, āta tirohia te ahua o rātou mahi tahi i roto i tētahi puna:
Anuā, ko te pūhiko hyerauhi te meka i te nui o te pūkaha mai i tētahi kaiwhakahaere matua (hei tauira, tētahi motuka hiko, mōhinī rānei mōhinī tāpiri) ki te nui o te pūhiko hyerauhi, e noho ana i te āhua o te waiarai e rere ana.
Kātahi ka tiki te mōhinī hyerauhi i te nui o te pūhiko hyerauhi i hangaia e te pūhiko hyerauhi, ka hoki anō ki te nui o te pūkaha, ka whakamahia ki te taraiwa i te wāhi e mahi ai.
I muri i tēnei huringa huringa e te mōhinī hyerauhi, kua whai nui o te pūkaha te katoa o te pūnaha hei mahi i ngā mahi. Ko ngā pūnaha hyerauhi e whakamahia ana whānui i ā tātou ao ia rā; hei tauira, ngā perepekai, ngā kaiāwhina kōpae, me ngā whare pūoro katoa e here ana ki te mahi tō te pūhiko hyerauhi me te mōhinī hyerauhi.
Pātai Whai Ake (FAQ)
1. He aha te rerekē i waenganui i te pūhiko hyerauhi me te mōhinī hyerauhi?
Whakautu: Ko te pūhiko hyerauhi te meka i te nui o te pūkaha ki te nui o te pūhiko (waiarai pēhia), ā, ko te mōhinī hyerauhi te meka i te nui o te pūhiko anō ki te nui o te pūkaha (toroko me te nuinga o te huri).
2. He aha ngā moma whakauru matua o ngā mōhini mātātoko?
Whakautu: Ko ngā mōhini mātātoko i wehe ai ki ngā rua rōpū matua:
Mōhini Mātātoko Iti, Mātātoko Rahi (MMIR)
Mōhini Mātātoko Teitei, Mātātoko Iti (MMMI)
Anō hoki, mā te hanganga, ko ngā mōhini karū, mōhini pere, me ngā mōhini pihini (taiwhā me ngā moma pihini pūtōrino) kei reira.
3. He aha ngā moma noa o ngā pūpahi mātātoko me ō rātou ara wehenga?
Whakautu: Ko te wehenga noa o ngā pūpahi mātātoko i ngā whakamātai e rua:
Taea te whakarerekē i te rere: Ngā pūpahi tōtō (taea te rerekē) me ngā pūpahi kōanga (rere tōtō)
Momo hanganga: Ngā pūpahi karū, ngā pūpahi pere, ngā pūpahi pihini.
Ngā pūpahi karū: Ka tino iti te rahi, ka tino whaihuia te hanganga, ka iti te utu, engari he nui te wareware me te rere.
Ngā pūpahi vane: Rere taurite, whakahaere māmā, rama iti, kaha ake i ngā pūpahi karū, engari he pīroiroi te hanganga.
Ngā pūpahi pihini: E tino pai ana te ūnga o te rauemi, he iti te whātata, taea ana te whakahaere i te pēhi tino teitei, he tino pai mō ngā pūnaha pūkaha teitei, engari he tino utu nui me ngā herekore matua hiahi ake mō te horapa horapa.
4. He aha ngā wāhanga o tētahi pūnaha pūpahi hāparapara?
Whakautu: Ko te pūnaha pūpahi hāparapara heoi ka whai:
Kopenga (hono ana i te pūkaha pūkaha me te pūpahi pūkaha)
Tākena hāparapara (pena hāparapara, tuku mātātoko, wehewehe ai i te hau, me whakakore ai i ngā pāpāhu)
Kiriata (he mōrearea i ngā pārākete piroiroi i roto i te hāparapara)
Kia kaha ai te pūnaha, me whakarite kia tika te āhuatanga o te kopenga, te rahi tika me te hanganga o te tākena, me te kōwhiringa i ngā kiriata e pā ana ki te pono tika.
5. He aha te mahi a te mōhinī hāparapara i roto i te pūnaha?
Whakautu: Ko te mōhini hydrauhiki ka tāwhai i te riquid e pēhia ana, ka huri i te nergi hydrauhiki ki te nergi mekanikī, ā, ka whakaputa i te torque me te nekenga rotary. Ko tana nergi putanga e hāngai ana ki te toto pēhia o te riquid me te aronga rere, nō reira ina hurihia te aronga rere, i te pēhia rānei, ka huri tonu hoki te putanga o te mōhiini.
6. Me pēhea e mahi tahi ai ngā pūmpa hydrauhiki me ngā mōhinini hydrauhiki?
Whakautu: I roto i tētahi punaha hydrauhiki:
Ko te pūmpa hydrauhiki ka huri i te nergi mekanikī e tukuna ana e te kaitakahi matua (hei tauira, tētahi mōhiini hiko, tētahi mōhiini taraka rānei) ki te nergi riquid.
Ka tāwhai te mōhiini hydrauhiki i tēnei riquid e pēhia ana, ka huri anō ki te nergi mekanikī hei whakakeke i te uta.
Mā te huringa nergi nei, ka taea e te punaha te whakaputa i te putanga mekanikī e hiahiatia ana.
7. He aha te take e nui ana te horihori o te hinu me te whakarāpopotanga i ngā punaha hydrauhiki?
Whakautu: Ko ngā wāhanga taupiri ki te hinu hydrauhiki (heoi anō ko ērā nui ake i te 10 μ m, ina nui ake i te 40 μ m) ka taea te whakapakari ake i te warewarenga o ngā poukai o roto o ngā pūmpa me ngā motuka, e horoi ana i te mahi me te ora. Ko te whakauru i ngā kauwhata ki te tikanga tika (hei tauira, 10-15 μ m mō ngā pampi pūtōrino, 25 μ m mō ngā pūmpa paraihe, 40 μ m mō ngā pūmpa piripiri) ka taea te pupuri i te noho tūturu o te punaha.
8. Ki te rongo au he rū hoki te pūmpa hydraukiko, he aha te mea me titiro ai?
Whakautu: Ko ngā take matua ko:
- Kāore i te tika te āhua o te pūmpa me te hononga/arai
- Te tere, te uta rānei e piki ake ana i ngā uara whakatau
- Te whakauru hau, te kavitiation rānei kei te ara tītoko
- Kāore te hinu pakari, te rahinga hē rānei o te hinu/momohanga
- Te warewarenga, te kino rānei ki te hononga, ki ngā poukai rānei o roto o te pūmpa
Ko te whakatika i ēnei take e āwhina ana kia mōhiotia ai ngā riri, ngā titi, me te roa o te pump.
9. He aha tētahi pump hīhiko \"whakaputangia\" te pēhi ki te pūnaha?
Whakautu: I te truth, ehara katoa. Ko te mahi matua o te pump hīhiko he whakawhai i te karu; ka hangaia anake te pēhi ina tutuki ana tēnei karu i te herekanga ki te pūnaha (hei tauira, utu, vāvā, i ngā kaihāpai). Nō reira, ehara i te tika kia tukuna te hanganga pēhi anake ki te pump.
10. He aha ngā ine uara mo ngā pumps hīhiko me ngā motuka?
Whakautu: Ngā uara matua ko:
- Uara inenga: Karu ā-tūtohu ÷ Karu mātua
- Inenga Mekanikai/Hīhiko: Torque mātua ÷ Torque ā-tūtohu (pērā i te hononga ki ngā ngaro mekanikai)
- Inenga katoa: Uara inenga × Uara tātai/hīhiko